What a controversial quote!

Photo by Lisa Marie Knitter | www.youthphotos.eu

And definitely a statement to trigger very interesting discussions at trainings. Bringing in controversial cases—with themes ranging from violence against women, exploitation of welfare systems, or explaining terrorism or school performance with Islamic culture—and controversial statements such as the one of Nasim Karim often leads to heated discussions, to great frustration with getting the terms right, and eventually to relief—both from participants with majority and minority background—when, at the end, a consensus is reached about what should be named culture and what should definitely not be named culture.

The title of this article might be rather provoking for some, as we have been raised to think that cultural awareness is the way to create tolerance. But we fail when confronted with the above examples:

If violence against women is a cultural expression, should we then accept and respect it? And if doing so, wouldn’t we be feeding the extreme right with arguments against multicultural societies? And if we should not respect it, does it then mean that certain cultures are bad, primitive, and cannot be integrated?

Of course not! But there is no doubt that youth workers and trainers are confronted with such dilemmas. Let’s look at a concrete example: During trainings on multicultural teamwork, we use Forum Theatre [3] to explore conflicts that might arise in multicultural settings. The participants, using cases from their daily youth and social work, put escalations of conflicts on stage, eventually asking the spectators to intervene.

A Forum Theatre Scene | Photo by Nuno da Silva

One group once put a young guy with ethnic minority background—played by a participant with ethnic minority background—as the oppressor of a female teacher and the school director, whom he accused of racism. The play started and the guy, who called himself Mohammed, entered the fictive computer-room, where his two friends were receiving classes from the female teacher. Mohammed and his friends were joking and ignoring the woman, and the teacher got upset about the disturbance of her class. Mohammed was therefore invited to a talk with the director, and this very fast escalated into open conflict, where Mohammed accused everyone of being racist. The play created lots of discussion on two-sided oppression and different tools for communicating and interacting with each other in respectful ways.

At first, we were rather surprised as a more “political correct” way of showing the scene would have been to put the teacher and the school director as oppressors of the ethnic minority guys. However, the play was touching upon exactly this dilemma: What to do when somebody explains or excuses negative behaviour with culture? Should we respect and accept their behaviour? Should we conclude that the culture is violent or bad?

My answer is another question: Do these happenings have anything to do with the thing called culture? The cause of the dilemma is to our belief that culture is not a concrete thing, but rather a concept that is used in many different ways. One example is the way that the extreme right in European societies has taken over the concept of culture: they are aware of and respect cultural differences – as long as they are practiced somewhere else! Change the notion of culture with race in the sentence – and feel the shivering! Another example is persons with ethnic minority background justifying violence against women by drawing on their culture.

Of course the way that the extreme right and some ethnic minorities use the concept of culture is very different from the way that it is used within youth work, anti-racism work etc (or is it?). But that is exactly the point: “Culture” is used to cover everything – and thus nothing. Basically the concept of culture is used by almost everyone to argue for their own point of view: being it the extreme right to explain the conflicts in current European societies (including terrorism) and to justify heavy discrimination, or some ethnic minorities themselves to justify what could otherwise be seen as transgressions towards e.g. women or homosexuals.

Everyone seems to be “aware of cultural differences” (even extremists on both sides) – and it quickly gets very difficult to see how more of such awareness—as is the goal of much intercultural learning—can actually contribute as a frame for the encounter between majority and minority and foster mutual respect and understanding.

We are, as the recognised (though controversial) Norwegian anthropologist Unni Wikan (2002) observes, turning culture into a new concept of race, as it becomes a term for the exotic, which we mainly apply to “them”, but not to ourselves.

Where majority youth is seen as having agency, will and opinion of their own, minority youth is often seen as “products of their culture” – defined by the nation where their parents or grandparents once lived. Minority youth committing a crime must therefore be caused by their culture – whereas it is caused by mental or social problems when a majority youngster does something similar. We thus mainly explain “the other’s” negative behaviour with culture, but don’t apply the term when they behave just like “us”.

What we observe is that the discourse of culture is becoming a new “discourse of exclusion”, where most people agree that we should appreciate and respect cultural differences, though at the same time use these cultural differences to explain high delinquency rates among minority youth, exploitation of the social welfare system, failure on the labour market, and even terrorism etc.

Just reading the newspaper on any other day, you will most probably encounter an article exemplifying this. What is lost is thus the critical social analysis of what defines these young people’s realities – apart from culture – namely (a lack of) access to education, and work, and spaces where decisions are taken, and much more. The concept of culture can thus be said to disempower us by hiding the real causes of behaviour and leaving us with no tools for meaningful integration.

What we need is not more awareness of cultural differences, but to beware of the way “culture” can be misused to argue for the wrong things. We furthermore need an alternative explanation of societal problems, and alternative means to deal with the challenges in order to truly include everyone.

This is the fourth published article of our critical series on intercultural learning by Lene Mogensen from In Dialogue. [4] Start with The Derdians if you have missed the beginning.

_________
1. Nasim Karim, a Norwegian of Pakistani descent, was able to escape Pakistan after being forcibly married there. She was almost beaten to death because she tried to refuse the marriage. “She managed, against all odds,” Unni Wikan writes, “to make her way to the Norwegian embassy in Islamabad and, with the embassy’s help, to flee the country.” She had to go to court to have her marriage annulled. ↑
2. Wikan, Unni (2001) Generous Betrayal: Politics of Culture in the New Europe. University of Chicago Press. ↑
3. Forum Theatre is a drama method developed by Augusto Boal to explore oppression and empower people to take steps towards this oppression. ↑
4. It was originally written in 2006, and has lost none of its potency. ↑

Last year, we created the new map section, which we feature again one year later — the archive of maps has quietly become an intensively used resource for many people, and our thanks goes to anyone who used and recommended it — we appreciate it:

from the milky way galaxy to the world upside down, from urban sprawl to Europe by night, from the crusades thousands of years ago to the origins of today’s refugees, from ancient wars to recent conflicts, from Europe in 1190 to Europe in 1815, from major technological accidents to Europe’s climate in 2071, from cultural regions of Europe to the distribution of blond hair on our continent, …

(edit: ahem, author continues to type furiously…)

All in all, we give you more than 150 maps of Europe in 10 categories:

Generic maps of Europe
Europe and the world
Ancient maps of Europe
Old maps of Europe
Language, culture and ethnicity in Europe
Religion in Europe
Emigration, migration and refugees in Europe
Europe and the environment
Funny and weird maps of Europe
Conflicts and wars in Europe

We are looking forward to finding more maps and adding them as we go along, hopefully with all your support as always. But that is the future, and holiday season is now. Take some time off, and enjoy the festivities!

From everybody here at Nonformality,
thanks for sharing your time with us. Love,

In our new map section, you find everything we could find (we are sure there is so much more out there!):

from the milky way galaxy to the world upside down, from urban sprawl to Europe by night, from the crusades thousands of years ago to the origins of today’s refugees, from ancient wars to recent conflicts, from Europe in 1190 to Europe in 1815, from major technological accidents to Europe’s climate in 2071, from cultural regions of Europe to the distribution of blond hair on our continent, …

(edit: ahem, author continues to type furiously…)

All in all, we give you more than 150 maps of Europe in 10 categories:

Generic maps of Europe
Europe and the world
Ancient maps of Europe
Old maps of Europe
Language, culture and ethnicity in Europe
Religion in Europe
Emigration, migration and refugees in Europe
Europe and the environment
Funny and weird maps of Europe
Conflicts and wars in Europe

We are looking forward to finding more maps and adding them as we go along, hopefully with all your support as always.

From everybody here at Nonformality,
thanks for sharing your time with us. Love,

In our new map section, you find everything we could find (we are sure there is so much more out there!):

from the milky way galaxy to the world upside down, from urban sprawl to Europe by night, from the crusades thousands of years ago to the origins of today’s refugees, from ancient wars to recent conflicts, from Europe in 1190 to Europe in 1815, from major technological accidents to Europe’s climate in 2071, from cultural regions of Europe to the distribution of blond hair on our continent, …

(edit: ahem, author continues to type furiously…)

All in all, we give you more than 150 maps of Europe in 10 categories:

Generic maps of Europe
Europe and the world
Ancient maps of Europe
Old maps of Europe
Language, culture and ethnicity in Europe
Religion in Europe
Emigration, migration and refugees in Europe
Europe and the environment
Funny and weird maps of Europe
Conflicts and wars in Europe

We are looking forward to finding more maps and adding them as we go along, hopefully with all your support as always. But that is the future, and holiday season is now. Take some time off, and enjoy the festivities!

From everybody here at Nonformality,
thanks for sharing your time with us. Love,

With every map there comes:

• a small version – the one you see, 500 pixels wide,
• and, underneath the image, a descriptive title
• a link to a larger version (1000 pixels wide) for download, and
• a link to the source.

Please note that the copyright license of our blog only allow the use of these maps for noncommerical purposes, and that moreover the license of most maps only allow their use for educational purposes. Thanks for respecting that!

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Era of the crusades 1 – around 1000 | Larger version | Source

Era of the crusades 2 – around 1200 | Larger version | Source

Invasions of the Roman Empire | Larger version | Source

The Ottoman Empire | Larger version | Source

The 30 Years’ War | Larger version | Source

Revolutionary Europe around 1800 | Larger version | Source

Colonialism – the example of Africa | Larger version | Source

Europe before WW I | Larger version | Source

Europe after WW I | Larger version | Source

Europe during WW II – 1941-1942 | Larger version | Source

Europe during WW II – 1943-1945 | Larger version | Source

WW II – Concentration camps | Larger version | Source

Europe if the Nazis had won the war | Larger version | Source

Cold war – military alliances | Larger version | Source

Cold war – economic alliances | Larger version | Source

The wars in former Yugoslavia | Larger version | Source

The war in Chechnya | Larger version | Source

The conflicts in Georgia | Larger version | Source

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict | Larger version | Source

The Transnistria-Gagauzia conflicts | Larger version | Source

Europe in Afghanistan | Larger version | Source

Europe in Iraq | Larger version | Source